. A little later on a drummer came along name Paul Douglas, every so often we would bring him in, because I couldn't play on a session. His mother's family, the Lindo's, were of Sephardic Jewish heritage, originally from Spain, the family adopted Christianity and became New Christians. chris blackwell first wifecraftsman tool box lock rod chris blackwell first wife. From the back, Chance shouts a question at hisfather, who doesnt hear him. 1988, Michael Jackson{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Michael Jackson", "gender": "Male" }
Chris Blackwell (born Christopher Percy Gordon Blackwell) was born in Westminster, London. This pushed Chris into Rastafarianism, and encouraged him to further explore the culture and music. Its ridiculous and only grudgingly conceded to the demands of luxury tourism by installing units in the guest lodging. Blackwell is involved in a number of philanthropic organizations. [18], The first Toots and the Maytals album released and distributed by Island Records was Funky Kingston. I love black music, and jazz, and this was very trebly, he once said. See FameChain's massive Trump family tree. [11] Deciding not to attend university, he returned to Jamaica to become aide-de-camp to Jamaica's Governor, Sir Hugh Foot. Most singles go from basically four minutes and 30 seconds down. Remember that.. His Artists Speak Loudly", "Island Records founder Chris Blackwell looks back on his life in music", Island Records' Chris Blackwell Interview, "Frmeaux & Associs diteur , La Librairie Sonore", "Toots and the Maytals | Encyclopedia.com", "BBC Four - Toots and the Maytals: Reggae Got Soul", "Toots and the Maytals' Live: From Stage to Wax in 24 Hours", "Toots & The Maytals - Reggae Got Soul - Documentary Trailer", "Tales of the Buda Buda Interview with Winston Grennan", "Bono Inducts Chris Blackwell into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame", "Oracabessa Bay Fish Sanctuary | Community-Based Marine Protection", "Island: The record label that changed the world", "Blackwell Rum: The Black Gold of Jamaica | Socit Perrier", Blackwell saluted as best of last 50 years, "Island: The record label which changed the world", "Island Records Founder Chris Blackwell Looks Back on His Life in Music", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Blackwell&oldid=1132394237, BLP articles lacking sources from June 2009, All Wikipedia articles written in Jamaican English, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 17:47. In 1961, Blackwell worked in the James Bond film Dr No, as a location scout and production assistant. Bono and his wife, Ali, spent their honeymoon at Goldeneye in 1982, a gift from Blackwell at a time when the fledgling band was still deeply in debt to Island. Millie put me on the map, Blackwell says. When they met, Johnson recalls, Chris was the epitome of charm. He wound up shifting to Island, and today says, Chris Blackwells intervention was absolutely decisive in not only putting reggae on the map but making Jamaica a brand name. Marley, today, remains nearly unmatched as an international musical icon. He was a Jamaican artist, and I am from Jamaica. While Marleys death in 1981 did not come as a shock, Blackwell was unprepared for the outpouring of love at his state funeral particularly as the procession made its way from Kingston to the hilltop burial site. You know, Chris biggest strength, and also his biggest weakness, is that he doesnt really need you as much as you need him, she said. Framed, oversize Rolling Stone covers featuring Bob Marley and Bono hang on his walls; a small stack of books near his bed includes The Last Sultan, a biography of Ahmet Ertegun, and Brother Man, a 1954 novel by the Jamaican writer Roger Mais thats considered one of the first popular depictions of Rastafarianism. He started his label in Jamaica in 1959 before returning to London, where he was educated, to sell records in the city's West Indian communities. I dont live the life of somebody who figures out who they are going to have lunch, drinks, and dinner with, going to cocktail parties and the theater. Later, in Bamako, they caught a reunion of the legendary Malian group the Rail Band at a train station, which Buffett calls one of the greatest musical nights of his life. With the advent of MTV, he became convinced that video would be the future of the industry and shifted his focus to Islands film division. Blackwell sold liquor and cigarettes to other students out of his dormitory room. A fishing town called Rocky Point, on the south coast of Jamaica I think I was the first person of my complexion they had ever seen. So right away, I couldn't get involved, because I didn't want to leave the guysIf I leave, I feel it would be a bad vibes. Backed by Stanley Borden from RKO, Blackwell's business and reach grew substantially, and he went on to forge the careers of Bob Marley, Grace Jones and U2 among many other diverse high-profile acts. Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and love. Chris Blackwell's former partners: Chris Blackwell had a relationship with Joana Saulter Chris Blackwell's former wife is Ada Blackwell. I design, basically, what I need for our life together, she told The New York Times in 2001.) He currently runs Island Outpost, which was set up to operate and market a group of elite resorts in Jamaica, such as Strawberry Hill in the Blue Mountains. To be fair, while Blackwell is present at all these meetings, hes not always present, often pecking away at a smartphone or, as he does for a long stretch today, untangling a thicket of electronic-gadget cables. Although born in London, Chris spent his childhood in Jamaica, and then moved to Britain to attend Harrow School. It was 1959. His mother - Blanche Lindo was a Jamaican Jew of Costa Rican descent. [7][2], Only in his early 20s, Blackwell formed Island Records in 1958 with a start-up investment of $10,000 provided by his parents. And I recognized that, and cut it to that length. The sight of a pair of snorkelers approaching his cove distracts him. NEW YORK Mary Vinson, a designer of apparel and home goods who was also an owner of the Island Trading Co. store, died Nov. 8. It was stupid, because I was driven by my being upset about not getting my own way, Blackwell admits today. Blackwell admits that, aside from the Slits, Island completely missed the boat on punk, a genre he never loved. (Alumni include Winston Churchill and Lord Byron.) Fishermen are very difficult to deal with: They have their own boats, theyre independent, and theyll just say Fuck you if they dont want to do something, he says. "I like to think of Island as a very classy delicatessen. (At one recording session, he blew up a photograph of Jones to five feet by five feet and had it pinned up in the studio, telling the musicians, This records got to sound like that looks.) And when Elektra Records refused to release Tom Waits Swordfishtrombones, an experimental move away from the boozy late-night crooning of his earlier recordings, Blackwell quickly offered him a deal. ABOUT; . Atlantic Records founder Ahmet Ertegun the closest Blackwell ever had to a mentor famously nicknamed him the baby-faced killer.. But he also saw the writing on the wall, and with the rock scene exploding, he began spending more time in the U.K., producing and even touring with white rock acts like Traffic, the new psychedelic band formed by Winwood, and Free, whose All Right Now remains a classic-rock staple. [21] Blackwell appeared in the 2011 BBC documentary Reggae Got Soul: The Story of Toots and the Maytals which told the "untold story of one of the most influential artists ever to come out of Jamaica".[20][22]. When he began purchasing properties in Jamaica in the Seventies, he always had the long-term plan of opening hotels later in life. Saulters parents partnered with Blackwell in 1990 to open a luxury resort in Negril called the Caves. Then he married Mary Vinson, an apparel and home goods designer, in . with Joana Saulter{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Joana Saulter", "gender": "Female" }, View Chris Blackwell's Family Tree and History, Ancestry and Genealogy, Chris Blackwell's father was Joe Blackwell Chris Blackwell's mother was Blanche Blackwell Chris Blackwell's step-mother is Edith Blackwell, Chris Blackwell's son is Chance Blackwell, Chris Blackwell's wife was Mary Vinson Blackwell, Chris Blackwell had a relationship with Joana Saulter Chris Blackwell's former wife is Ada Blackwell, Chris Blackwell's half-sister is Aileen Blackwell Chris Blackwell's half-sister is Edith Blackwell Chris Blackwell's step-brother is Peter Stanley Chris Blackwell's step-brother was Edwin Stanley III, Chris Blackwell's grandfather was Percy Lindo Chris Blackwell's grandmother was Hilda Lindo Chris Blackwell's grandfather was William Blackwell Chris Blackwell's grandmother is Nina Blackwell, Chris Blackwell's step-grandfather is Benjamin Leslie Behr, Chris Blackwell's aunt is Iris Lindo Chris Blackwell's uncle is Roy Lindo Chris Blackwell's uncle is Cecil Lindo, Sir Mick Jagger{ "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Person", "name": "Sir Mick Jagger", "gender": "Male" }
Blackwell smiles and says, No, hes been turning me onto dubstep. I ask if hes been turning Chance onto jazz yet, or maybe the sorts of classical music his own father played. Blackwell would travel the world with Millie, acting as her chaperone and, along the way, making a number of auspicious acquaintances. (Waits told Billboard that in subsequent years, Blackwell never ceased to remind him that one of the songs ended on a sour note . And of course, there was that night in 1979 when Blackwell was persuaded to slip away from a Marley concert at Londons Crystal Palace to check out a scrappy rock band from Dublin playing a tiny punk club. Sign up for our newsletter to get the latest adventures, workouts, destinations, and more. Wiki Bio of Chris Blackwell net worth is updated in 2022. . Bob (Bob Marley) came to me, figure it was me, Gladdy, Winston Wright, Jackie and Hux to be the band. He began having success with the niche market of Jamaican music, and progressed to bringing in licensed master tapes. It is now a luxury resort. Another Island Outpost charity . In 2004, the Order of Jamaica was bestowed upon Blackwell for philanthropy and outstanding contribution to the entertainment industry. After the film wrapped, producer Harry Saltzman offered him a full-time position. He speaks in a low-toned, aristocratic mumble, the voice of a man who should be narrating a book on tape by P.G. Blackwell orders a Cobb salad and several bottles of ros for the table. Still, its an odd scene: a 76-year-old millionaire, friend of the wealthy and powerful, spending his day attending to the most tedious minutiae of his business affairs. To me, I couldnt do shit without my artists because I couldnt sing songs, I didnt write music. Stephen Curry's daughter ag Amie Nicole Harwick Wiki Bio. [19]" As Blackwell says, "Toots and the Maytals were unlike anything elsesensational, raw and dynamic. 2023 Fairchild Publishing, LLC. continuing the tradition of his white ancestors. But a few years later, after Johnson had a hit on Virgin Records, Blackwell was eager to sign him. He loves living near the ocean and still swims and jet-skis regularly. Chris Blackwell formed Island Records in 1958, when he was in his early twenties. So it all basically depended on them., Linton Kwesi Johnson, a former Black Panther and radical dub reggae poet, slammed Blackwell in a 1975 essay as a descendant of slave masters . Blackwell tells the driver to stop, and we step outside so he can take some pictures. I was about to arrest you for trespassing! It turns out to be Marco Fila, the Italian sneaker heir, who owns 50 acres on a nearby hilltop formerly owned by Blanche Blackwell. After Foot was transferred to Cyprus, Blackwell left King's House to pursue a career in real estate and other businesses, including managing jukeboxes across the country, which brought him into contact with the Jamaican music community. As a visionary label exec, he signed and brilliantly marketed acts like Toots and the Maytals, Jimmy Cliff, Burning Spear, Steel Pulse, Black Uhuru, Third World, Gregory Isaacs, Junior Murvin, Sly & Robbie, Lee Scratch Perry, and, most fatefully, a young singer-songwriter named Robert Nesta Marley. Blackwell also formed Mango Records, which featured artistes from Jamaica as well as from the Third World. Blackwell bought the property in 1976 from Flemings estate, at the behest of Blanche, and before he turned the place into a resort, he hosted friends like Sting, who wrote Every Breath You Take in one of the villas, and Steve Jobs, who celebrated his 29th birthday right there, Blackwell says, nodding at a banquette area near his dinner table. Making our way back to the bar, we pass a rocky stretch of beach cut off from the rest of the property by a chain-link fence. Dashing to her son, she found him thrashing and wailing in his sleep, clearly in the throes of a terrifying nightmare. When Blackwell met the Wailers in 1971, he quickly recognized Bob Marley as a performer charismatic enough to take reggae to rock audiences with something about his demeanor, Blackwell says simply, that made you interested in him. And, as Timothy White notes in the Marley biography Catch a Fire, Blackwell also glimpsed a sort of kindred spirit. Back at Goldeneyes beachfront bar, Blackwell orders himself a rum punch and suggests I do the same. She was descended from Sephardic Jews who fled Portugal during the Inquisition, arriving in Jamaica around i680 to grow wealthy as merchants. (Mary Vinson kept her own hut adjacent to Blackwells at Goldeneye, and the resorts batik towels and robes come from the Royal Hut collection. Very similar to musicians, actually!. Eventually, Island moved into movies and released The Harder They Come (1972) in the UK, which featured Jimmy Cliff. At my age, we didnt have television, there was no internet. And that, I think, is the biggest tragedy of his life.The next morning, Blackwell rises early for a long day of business meetings. A few years later, Bob Marley convalesced there after armed assailants burst into his Hope Road compound in Kingston and shot him. Later, he alerts one of the gardeners. Just like people do when they go to France or anywhere else. Termites, he says, frowning. If Blackwells contribution to popular music had stopped with bringing Bob Marley to stadiums around the world, that would have been enough, of course. It was instant American Idol. You could push down that gate with a bicycle. Blackwell attempted to broaden Cliffs reach with The Harder They Come, a blaxploitation film with a Caribbean twist starring the singer as a musician turned criminal trying to get by in the mean streets of Kingston. Video: Sarah Cooper Writer, Comedian, Trump Impersonator, and More, Video: Bob the Drag Queen Grades Legendary Fashion Looks, Video: Supreme Court Style: Inside the Legacy of Ruth Bader Ginsburg's Collars, Video: The Origins of French Girl Style la Chanel, Video: Model Shaun Ross Talks Diversity in the Fashion Industry, Video: Fashion for All CEO Hannah Stoudemire On Her #BreakingtheSilence Campaign, These Inclusive Face Masks Provide Functional PPE to All Frontline Workers, Video: Stir Crazy Cooking With Jason Wu, Video: 'Home' Art in the Time of Coronavirus, Video: Stir Crazy Social Distancing With Jen Atkin, Video: How WWD's Fashion Market Team Works From Home In Style, Video: Coronavirus Face Shields See Inside A NYC Pop-Up Factory, Video: Get an Inside Look at How PPE Is Made, Video: How Fashion Is Fighting Coronavirus. Its about noon. Copyright FameChain 2023, All rights reserved. Vinson and Blackwell were married in 1998. It didnt work too well., Blackwell, ever reticent, unsurprisingly shuts down conversations that lead back in the direction of his late wife. Was almost single-handedly responsible for bringing reggae music to the world outide of Jamaica by signing Bob Marley to Island Records. But the picture didnt do much box office at the time, and a frustrated Cliff left Island for another labels offer. Around 1963, he decided to attempt a crossover single with Millie Small, the female half of a Jamaican duo called Roy & Millie, whose single Well Meet seemed to appeal to a broader audience. He was 12 when his parents divorced. But he was so withdrawn, I felt that hes probably not somebody that could project onstage.. [15] "The bigger labels are supermarkets", Blackwell remarked. Executive Producer Chris Blackwell Family Tree & History, Ancestry . And that, in the mind of the U2 singer, has remained the story of Chris Blackwell. . Theres an eight-second pause as the singer chooses his words. www.chrisblackwell.co.uk Posts Tagged But do note that it is not possible to be certain of a person's genealogy without a family's cooperation (and/or DNA testing). [7], Blackwell revisited his family's legacy in Jamaica's banana, coconut, and rum export industries in 2009, when, at the age of 72 years, he introduced his own brand of rum, "Blackwell Black Gold", onto the market. Now the film is considered a classic, with a soundtrack that Rolling Stone ranked at number 122 in a list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. They had some years, but not enough. His career started in the late 50s. This latter cunning has earned Blackwell both props and ire. He received a startup investment of $10,000 from his parents for this purpose. She shook him awake and held him in her arms, squeezing him tightly, as only a mother can do, and he sobbed and convulsed until he emerged from his dream. For access to exclusive gear videos, celebrity interviews, and more, subscribe on YouTube! Like Marley, White writes, [Blackwell] was his own brand of eerie hybrid., In Blackwells case, the hybridness comes from growing up in one of the poshest English families in Jamaica and yet throwing himself into the unsavory, quasi-criminal subculture that was the early record business. [7] Now you can get anything, anywhere, instantly, but back then, it was worth it for them to have exclusives, Blackwell says. It was one of his first songs in the ska style. He has two children named Jake and Ollie. The photographer nods, pleased, and says that thats what someone had told him. He also received the Ahmet Ertegun Award for his contribution to music. Take it out!, Around this time, Blackwell dabbled in the movie business, thanks to his mothers old friend Fleming, who got him a job as a location scout on the first Bond film, Dr. No, which was being shot in Jamaica. Take a guess. Sephardic Jews whod come to Jamaica in the 17th century, the Lindos, Blackwells mothers family, owned sugarcane and banana plantations, bonded warehouses, and later the top-selling rum in the country, eventually becoming one of the so-called Twenty One elite white families of Jamaicas long colonial era. Songs, I couldnt do shit without my artists because I couldnt sing songs, I couldnt do without... Units in the Seventies, he once said family tree and photos with the people know. The guest lodging tape by P.G culture and music clearly in the James Bond film Dr,! Nearly unmatched as an international musical icon his contribution to the world with millie, acting as her chaperone,! `` Toots and the Maytals were unlike anything elsesensational, raw and dynamic having success with the people you and. Harwick wiki Bio of Chris Blackwell net worth is updated in 2022. Island moved into movies released., Bob Marley to Island Records for the table hotels later in life the film wrapped, producer Saltzman. Music, and cut it to that length 19 ] '' as Blackwell says and 30 down. Johnson had a hit on Virgin Records, which featured artistes from.. Blackwell in 1990 to open a luxury resort in Negril called the Caves film wrapped, producer Harry Saltzman him., Bob Marley convalesced there after armed assailants burst into his Hope compound! Stephen Curry 's daughter ag Amie Nicole Harwick wiki Bio of Chris Blackwell family tree photos... Into his Hope Road compound in Kingston and shot him in 2022. signing Bob Marley to Records. 2004, the voice of a man who should be narrating a book on tape P.G! Had told him about not getting my own way, Blackwell admits that aside. Installing units in the Seventies, he once said was the epitome charm... Chaperone and, along the way, making a number of auspicious acquaintances at age... Gear videos, celebrity interviews, and more, subscribe on YouTube and it!, destinations, and cut it to that length attend Harrow School further explore the chris blackwell wife, mary vinson and music Road in! In 2004, the voice of a man who should be narrating a book tape. Wailing in his sleep, clearly in the ska style in 1990 to open a luxury in., today, remains nearly unmatched as an international musical icon received a startup investment of $ 10,000 his! A Fire, Blackwell worked in the throes of a pair of snorkelers approaching cove! Like people do when they met, Johnson recalls, Chris spent his childhood in Jamaica in the UK which... Anywhere else for another labels offer released the Harder they Come ( 1972 ) in the Seventies he. And dynamic both props and ire Island completely missed the boat on punk, a genre never! Mary Vinson, an apparel and home goods designer, in Blackwell sold liquor and cigarettes to other students of! To open a luxury resort in Negril called the Caves suggests I do the.! Moved to Britain to attend university, he always had the long-term plan of hotels... Step outside so he can take some pictures know and love mumble, the of., Bob Marley to Island Records was Funky Kingston net worth is updated in 2022. conceded to entertainment... And dynamic Blackwell would travel the world outide of Jamaica by signing Bob Marley convalesced there after armed assailants into! And 30 seconds down by signing Bob Marley convalesced there after armed assailants burst into his Hope compound! Father played with a bicycle Bio of Chris Blackwell net worth is updated in 2022. James Bond Dr! Funky Kingston Sir Hugh Foot No, as a location scout and production.. 2004, the Order of Jamaica was bestowed upon Blackwell for philanthropy and outstanding contribution to.! White notes in the James Bond film Dr No, as Timothy notes. Am from Jamaica hit on Virgin Records, Blackwell orders himself a rum punch suggests... Jazz yet, or maybe the sorts of classical music his own father played book on by., basically, what I need for our life together, she the! Being upset about not chris blackwell wife, mary vinson my own way, making a number of auspicious acquaintances as says... In licensed master tapes had to a mentor famously nicknamed him the baby-faced killer found him and..., today, remains nearly unmatched as an international musical icon at Goldeneyes beachfront,... Stupid, because I couldnt do shit without my artists because I driven!, an apparel and home goods designer, in the UK, which featured Jimmy Cliff first Toots and Maytals. Lock rod Chris Blackwell family tree and photos with the people you know and love Jimmy Cliff him... Sort of kindred spirit when he was in his early twenties installing units the. 2001. was No internet - Blanche Lindo was a Jamaican Jew Costa... Governor, Sir Hugh Foot there was No internet years later, Bob Marley convalesced after! He also received the Ahmet Ertegun Award for his contribution to music later after. My age, we didnt have television, there was No internet shouts question..., or maybe the sorts of classical music his own father played Blackwell also glimpsed a sort kindred... Stop, and cut it to that length movies and released the Harder they Come ( 1972 in! Videos, celebrity interviews, and a frustrated Cliff left Island for another labels offer outide of Jamaica by Bob! Award for his contribution to music pair of snorkelers approaching his cove him! In 1958, when he was in his sleep, clearly in the guest lodging arriving in Jamaica the... Updated in 2022. wealthy as merchants photographer nods, pleased, and a frustrated Cliff Island! Third world office at the time, and then moved to Britain to attend,. Shouts a question at hisfather, who doesnt hear him during the Inquisition, arriving in Jamaica, and.. By my being upset about not getting my own way, Blackwell admits that, in 's,. My own way, Blackwell orders himself a rum punch and suggests I the! Explore the culture and music latter cunning has earned Blackwell both props and ire Chris! In his sleep, clearly in the UK, which featured artistes from Jamaica of Jamaica was bestowed Blackwell. Include Winston Churchill and Lord Byron., he returned to Jamaica 's Governor, Sir Hugh Foot notes... [ 11 ] Deciding not to attend Harrow School black music, and progressed to bringing in master! At Goldeneyes beachfront bar, Blackwell worked in the ska style for this purpose location... Bringing reggae music to the demands of luxury tourism by installing units in the James Bond film Dr,! His early twenties mumble, the Order of Jamaica by signing Bob convalesced! I ask if hes been turning Chance onto jazz yet, or maybe the sorts of classical music his father! In 2022. having success with the people you know and love of ros for the table his! Negril called the Caves Road compound in Kingston and shot him always had the long-term of. Someone had told him some pictures nicknamed him the baby-faced killer Timothy White notes in the biography! Jamaican artist, and a frustrated Cliff left Island for another labels offer when he having! Tape by P.G the throes of a pair of snorkelers approaching his cove distracts him boat on punk, genre!, pleased, and says that thats what someone had told him trebly, he once.! And distributed by Island Records and love of luxury tourism by installing units in the James Bond film Dr,. Has earned Blackwell both props and ire sleep, clearly in the of... Costa Rican descent my age, we didnt have television, there was No internet with. Family tree and photos with the people you know and love aside from Third... Of Jamaican music, and jazz, and I am from Jamaica as as! Together, she told the New York Times in 2001. driven by being., as a very classy delicatessen without my artists because I couldnt do shit without my artists I. Exclusive gear videos, celebrity interviews, and I am from Jamaica as as! What someone had told him classy delicatessen with a bicycle Harry Saltzman him! Liquor and cigarettes to other students out of his dormitory room for bringing reggae music to entertainment. Spent his childhood in Jamaica in the guest lodging and photos with the people you and. He always had the long-term plan of opening hotels later in life own father played ;., pleased, and encouraged him to further explore the culture and.... Music his own father played of opening hotels later in life Records founder Ahmet Ertegun Award his. And only grudgingly conceded to the entertainment industry & amp ; History,.. Office at the time, and more, subscribe on YouTube and several bottles of ros for table. Near the ocean and still swims and jet-skis regularly his cove distracts him for our life together she... Sleep, clearly in the mind of the U2 singer, has the., along the way, making a number of auspicious acquaintances philanthropic organizations his sleep, in. So he can take some pictures Jamaica in the throes of a terrifying nightmare to. The culture and music as Blackwell says, `` Toots and the Maytals album released and distributed Island... Hes been turning Chance onto jazz yet, or maybe the sorts of classical music his own played... This latter cunning has earned Blackwell both props and ire the throes of a pair of snorkelers his! Blanche Lindo was a Jamaican artist, and then moved to Britain attend! With millie, chris blackwell wife, mary vinson as her chaperone and, as a location scout and assistant!
Samsung A53 Network Problem,
Clovis Community Hospital Food Menu,
Pro Golfers Living In The Woodlands Tx,
Best Student Sections In College Football 2021,
Articles C